Urinalysis Totally Explained

Everything about Urinalysis totally explained

A urinalysis (or "UA") is an array of tests performed on urine and one of the most common methods of medical diagnosis. A part of a urinalysis can be performed by using urine dipsticks, in which the test results can be read as color changes.

Medical urinalysis

A typical medical urinalysis usually includes:

a description of color and appearance.
specific gravity - normally 1.010 to 1.030. This test detects ion concentration of the urine. Small amounts of protein or ketoacidosis tend to elevate results of the specific gravity.
pH - normally 4.8 to 7.5.
ketone bodies - normally negative (absent)
protein - normally negative (absent)
urobilinogen
bilirubin
glucose - normally negative (absent)
RBC number
WBC number
hCG - normally absent, this hormone appears in the urine of pregnant women. Home pregnancy tests commonly detect this substance.
Pyroluria

Microscopic examination

The numbers and types of cells and/or material such as urinary casts can yield a great detail of information and may suggest a specific diagnosis.

eosinophiluria - associated with allergic interstitial nephritis, atheroembolic disease

RBC casts - associated with glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, malignant hypertension

WBC casts - associated with acute interstitial nephritis, exudative glomerulonephritis, severe pyelonephritis

(heme) granular casts - associated with acute tubular necrosis

crystalluria -- associated with acute urate nephropathy (or "Acute uric acid nephropathy", AUAN)

calcium oxalate - associated with ethylene glycol toxicityFurther Information

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